Baby Hiccups

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Infants/Baby and hiccups are one thing. Hiccups are basically not a bad for baby, it's just that often make parents worried. Hiccups are a normal thing, no need to worry about and usually goes away by itself. Very rarely do baby hiccups also be a sign or symptom of a serious illness.

Hiccups occur when the diaphragm, the muscle at the base of the lungs spasm (contraction of the diaphragm muscle that occur suddenly). Spasm that causes the vocal cords to close quickly so that the air is about to go into the lungs are blocked, and there came a loud voice, hiccups.

For parents who have children for the first time most concerned if their babies aged 0-3 months who are still hiccups, but hiccups in babies, especially after drinking milk or milk bottles actual banality and experienced by almost all infants.

According to Prof. Mark Widome, MD, an expert in child health at Penn State Children's Hospital, hiccups sometimes expected and a sign that your baby has been fed and the meal perfectly.

Check the baby's pacifier drink. Baby may swallow too much air and hiccup if the hole is not exactly the pacifier. Massage the back of the palate with a cotton wool soaked in water. Move the cotton was to the front and back for 1 minute or more.
There was no medicine to overcome the hiccups, but usually to deal with hiccups baby while nursing, you can lay her, and bend both legs down to the stomach. Give him warm water can also help. It is much easier when using the dot, because pacifiers will open the pharyngeal or other tenggorokan.Cara to fix this, parents also can help the baby to burp, or pat baby's back so happens burp
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"Breast engorgement", Advantages and Disadvantages

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Abundant milk production was the hope of many breastfeeding mothers. But mothers know that the abundant milk production must be balanced with the habit of feeding the baby more often. If the mother does not work then it is not a problem, but what if the mother is an employee or a worker who must return to work after the expiry of maternity leave? This is what mothers need to know.

Breast engorgement is a condition in which postpartum breast feels very full by the ASI, tense and painful. The cause is an imbalance between milk supply and baby's needs. This condition generally occurs when the mother suddenly stopped giving her milk before their time.

Engorgement can occur:
• When you first ran in breast milk, during the first few days after birth.
• When mothers breastfeeding normal and routine, but it can not pump their milk according to milk production.
• When the mother and the baby suddenly stopped breast-feeding and breast milk consumption.
• When babies begin to reduce the breast, usually occurs when babies start eating solid food enhancement, or when the baby's illness is marked by decreasing the desire / passion to feed.

Begins producing breast milk after two to five days after giving birth. At that time your breasts will feel warm and heavy. Some mothers feel the swelling and discomfort because of it.

Breast milk is filled with excessive swelling and pain will be felt, it can stimulate the occurrence of acute engorgement, it is usually because:
• Waiting too long to nurse a newborn baby (without early initiation).
• Mother does not want to breastfeed, although the production of enough milk.
• Breastfeeding a bit so as not to evacuate and drain the breast of milk.

This acute engorgement will cause the baby to suck hard on mothers and suckle properly, so that:
• Babies do not consume enough milk.
• Breast is not quite empty and depleted.
• Putting the pain will be felt because of the broken. This is because the baby tries to suck the breast that is fully charged. If you then reduce breast-feeding mothers, the lessons will be re-inflamed and engorgement will deteriorate.

Symptom

This occurs when engorgement breast milk when breastfeeding or pumping out is not as much production is going so full of breast milk. Mothers who experience this will feel:
• Breast feels enlarged, tense and sore. When acute engorgement, the breasts will be swollen, hard, look shiny, warm and supple to the touch.
• Mom will feel the lessons were flattened, and the area around the nipple will seem darker, called the areola and very hard.
• Babies will be difficult to find the nipple, and when I found the baby will be working hard to suck the breast so the nipple can be injured due to the baby business.
• Low maternal fever (body temperature around 37.8 degrees Celsius). If body temperature continues to rise immediately to a doctor.
• Lymph nodes around the armpit to swell the mother and the sick.

Complications and consequences

Without treatment, acute engorgement will cause blockage of channels in the breast milk and cause infection of the breast known as mastitis (breast inflammation).

Care and Treatment

Swelling of the breast is no need to worry excessively and mother can treat and conduct their own treatment at home unless a symptom of infection or mastitis, which may require the mother to consume antibiotics.

These steps can be taken to treat their own mothers to reduce swelling include:
• If the nursing mother, treatment is focused on improving the flow of breast milk with more frequent feeding. Make sure baby is nursing properly and fairly. Usually with this step within 12 to 24 hours later the discomfort is felt will disappear.
• If the mothers do not breastfeed, breast enlargement will cause the breasts to stop producing milk. This discomfort usually disappears after the first variable to 5 days.

Prevention

If the mother plans to breastfeed the baby, then:
• Begin feeding the baby as soon as possible after birth and continue onwards with more often, every 1 to 2 hours while the mother was awake.
• Breastfeeding every one to two hours on the first few days this will reduce the likelihood of engorgemen.
• Make sure the breast soft enough so the baby can breastfeed correctly. If the production of extra milk, so breastfeeding mothers should be pumping out up to breast feels empty after each feeding.
• Try to breastfeed your baby no less than 15 minutes each time breastfeeding, although this may change over time of infant growth.
When the baby is already full or reduced desire to feed, then:
• If the milk production remains high, wipe or guyur breasts with warm water with a shower. Let the warm water flowed across the surface of the breast that would accelerate softening the nipple and breast milk will come out with its own excess.
• If milk flow does not feel perfect, a towel soaked in warm water can be used to mebungkus breasts before breast-feeding mothers. Stimulation of warm milk will help the flow is maintained.
• If the mother works and the difficulty to breastfeeding mothers on a regular basis so make sure to regularly manually pumping breast milk at least every three to four hours.
If engorgement had occurred and the mother still wants to breastfeed, then:
• soften the nipple and areola before breast-feeding to prevent luga start of the nipple.
• If the milk exiting the overflow by itself, it first compresses the breast with warm water before feeding.
• Breast Pump in soft tissues and membranes that contained in the breast does not hurt. Make sure the breasts sucked and drained after each feeding and the mother can save them in the refrigerator.
• To prevent swelling, tense, hard and pain caused by the mother can do:

• Taking anti-inflammatory drugs non-steroidal such as ibuproven, certainly with a doctor's prescription.
• cold compresses every 15 minutes to prevent tissue damage in the breast. Cold compresses should not put ice directly on the breast that would be harmful to tissue in the breast.
• The mother may try to use sheets to cover the breast cabbage in her bra and replace every two hours. This mode can be quite helpful, only this way could allow the production of breast milk decreases.
• Wear loose-fitting bra that does not reduce breast. Bras that are too tight can push the breast which in turn will reduce the flow of breast milk that can lead to blockage in the flow of breast milk.

If mothers do not breastfeed and experience engorgement, then the mother can do one or more of the following steps to reduce the discomfort:
• If the engorgement has happened, do not pump all the milk directly. This would likely spur increased milk production and makes engorgement worse. Breast pump to taste until the mother felt comfortable enough alone.
• Ibuproven for additional medication.
• Cold Compress
• Bra that suit their needs and not pressing.
How the choice of breastfeeding or not to remain in the mother. Remember, the quality of breast milk is not replaceable by any milk production. Then what are mothers waiting for?
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Baby Burping

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Breastfeeding is a new experience for every mother who gave birth. Exciting and always interesting because of ignorance of what is to be faced after feeding. An important note is worth a try and burp the baby.

Burp your baby helps remove swallowed air tends during lactation. If the air does not come out and tend to be much ingested when feeding can cause infant vomiting after feeding. Suspected infant colic and discomfort during sleep, among others, also caused by the accumulation of this gas.

Burping the baby, among others, can be cultivated in a way

• Sit up straight and put the baby on your chest. Put your chin on your shoulder baby (baby facing backwards) when you carry her with one hand while the other one hand patting your baby's back gently. With the help of a little wobble can also be done so that baby can be finished feeding burp.
• baby lap (in the upper thigh) with a sitting position facing forward, hold the baby in the chest like hanging with one hand while your other hand gently patted his back to help baby burp.
• Lay the baby on your lap with the prone position. Make sure the baby's head propped up by strong and its position is slightly higher than his chest. Do this while gently patting the baby's back.

Burping techniques can be performed and selected in accordance with the developing baby. When your baby is getting bigger, you need not worry if your child does not burp during or after each meal. That means that your baby has learned to eat without swallowing excess air.

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Circumcision, is it necessary?

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At birth the boy has a skin covering the tip of the penis is commonly called the foreskin. Circumcision or circumcision, or also called circumcision (circumcision) is a mild surgery and surgery to open and remove part or all of the preputium (prepuce, foreskin, foreskin, the skin surrounding the glans penis/penis head).

Circumcision has a long history, even before BC was found in Egypt practice notes. This practice continued until now, but a hot topic of controversy since some 20 of the year. Is it true that circumcision useful or even useless?

Circumcision or no circumcision should be performed when the baby but it can be done later when the child begins to grow up and usually different growth rates associated with emotional and mental development of each child. Indications circumcision performed during the early years/infant/neonatal generally is due to phimosis, where preputium/foreskin can not be pulled back to open all parts of the head of the penis. Preputium layers inherent part of the glans penis, so that when preputium withdrawn, the glans penis can not fully open. As long as there is not interference in the urinary or signs of inflammation and can still be observed. Expected, the attachment will gradually disappear as the development of the age.

Please note that at birth only 4% of infants could preputiumnya fully withdrawn so that the head of the penis looks intact. Furthermore attachment was gradually reduced. Until the age of 1 year, still 50% who can not fully withdrawn. Respectively 30% at age 2 years, 10% at age 4-5 years, 5% at the age of 10 years, and there is still 1% that lasted up to 16-17 years. Of this last group, there are few who survived to adulthood persistent if not treated.

Phimosis can occur innate, can also occur later. Common causes are infection of the area and preputium glans penis (balanitis), which left scar tissue. Next preputium attached to the glans penis in the scar tissue.

In addition to having a special meaning recara spiritual and religious reasons, scientifically and medically, circumcision has many benefits, including:
• Medical Benefits
o Directly to reduce the risk of children exposed to UTIs (Urinary Tract Infection / urinary tract infection). According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, if in the first year infants circumcised only 1 will have the possibility to 1,000 urinary tract infections than circumcised not the 1 in 100.
o Reduce the risk of penile cancer, although it happened very rarely.
o The risk is lower sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV (adults of course).
o Preventing the foreskin infections.
o Preventing fimosis.
o For the purpose of genital health of children and as adults later.
• social reasons. Often children who are not circumcised will feel different from other friends as adults and that children do not feel inferior because of these differences.
• Religious reasons. Although not required for a particular religion (compulsory in Islam and Judaism), but has become a general agreement that circumcision is closely related to one's religion.

Age when undergoing circumcision or circumcision is, in fact there is no certain rules. Now even many of neonatal circumcision performed 1-2 days of age. The reason, earlier is better to prevent UTIs at an early age. Once, at the age of the patients are also more cooperative.

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Sleep for New Parents

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A Baby is a dream for a new couple who have been married. But whether they realize that with the introduction of the new home means that the consequences will arise. For the couple who just had a baby first, perhaps enough sleep is a dream. Wake up in the middle of the night when everyone asleep, not to mention the need to wake up tomorrow morning to leave for work. Here are some ways to get enough sleep time for new parents.

In the initial 3 months of age, babies will sleep at least 5 hours in the night. After reaching the age of 6 months, the baby will sleep better tonight, ranged from 9 to 12 hours. Here's the tricks for parents to find time to increasee quality of sleep in the lack of time.

There is no formula for getting good quality sleep, but some tips and tricks may be useful:
Sleep when baby sleeps. Turn off the mobile phone / telephone or at least activate the silent mode. Remove laundry basket and forget dirty dishes that have not yet had time to wash, you can delay it.
First get rid off other activities. If you or your friends you intend visiting, do not you become a master house. Let your friends to host in your home with their own self-serving. Tell them if they can pretend as they are in their own home. So you can use your time to have a baby and your rest time.
Organize your bed. Initially may feel strange to share the bed with your baby, especially if you are breastfeeding mother. If you are the baby's activities, the crib can be a possible option.
Sharing the night's activities. You and your partner can share the baby during the night, changing nappies or making a bottle of milk.
Do not be surprised and panic when the baby suddenly cry. Sometimes midnight your baby crying as a sign of just inconvenience, it is still small akan itself. Wait some time, the long run you will understand when you cry baby is only a sign of hungry or not.
When necessary, ask for assistance. Find a trusted person who can help you keep the small, such as parents or relatives. Assistance they may be very valuable to keep you stay fit with the rest of time limitations. When you are forced, hire a baby-sitter, but realize that her present is not able to replace the warmth of own parents.

Taking care of baby is easy and difficult, fatigue can make you easily fall asleep anytime, anywhere. If you have difficulty sleeping, make sure that the situation around to fit your bed. Select a mattress and pillow are you most comfortable, turn off the television. Rooms are cool and dark is easier to make your bed. Keep nicotine, caffeine and alcohol.

30 minutes if you can not fall asleep, find another activity. If fatigue and drowsiness came back to try and sleep. Difficulty sleeping if this happens more than a week, consult your doctor, you may need assistance therapeutist to help improve the quality of your sleep.

If you pair and expect the presence of the very small before, then wake up the night is not something that heavy. Happiness overcome your fatigue.

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Can we choose the sex of our child?

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Yes, choosing the sex of your child is technically possible thanks to advances in fertility treatments that allow doctors to create or identify embryos of a certain sex. But today's sex-selection options aren't equally effective, affordable, or available.

The most accurate sex-selection methods are usually the most expensive (tens of thousands of dollars), often involving invasive infertility treatments and fertility drugs with side effects. If you're serious about trying one of these techniques, you'll have to meet strict eligibility requirements, too. In some cases you won't be eligible unless you're married and already have at least one child of the sex opposite from the one you're trying for. Some clinics also have age limits or require you to take hormone tests to prove you're not approaching menopause.

And keep in mind that Mother Nature has already tipped the odds a bit in favor of boys in the sex-selection game. According to data released in 2004 from the National Center for Health Statistics, approximately 1,050 boys are born for every 1,000 girls.

The following gender-selection methods draw from two existing infertility treatments: in vitro fertilization (IVF) and artificial insemination (AI). IVF starts with a round of fertility drugs to stimulate your ovaries to produce several eggs for fertilization, instead of the single egg you normally release each month. Fertility drugs may also be used for AI. For AI, also known as intrauterine insemination (IUI), your doctor uses a catheter to insert a concentrated sperm sample directly into your uterus.

For IVF, fertilization occurs outside your body (in vitro means literally in glass). Your doctor gives you an anesthetic and removes your eggs from your ovaries by inserting a needle through your vaginal wall. Your eggs are then fertilized with sperm in a petri dish. Two to five days later your doctor places the fertilized eggs — now embryos — in your uterus by inserting a thin catheter through your cervix. The number of embryos inserted depends on your age, the quality of the embryos, and your reproductive history. As a general rule, if you're under 35 and the embryos look healthy, no more than two are transferred.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

An in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique in which embryos are created outside the womb and then tested for genetic disorders and gender.

When PGD was introduced back in 1989, it was used solely to help couples or individuals with serious genetic disorders reduce their risk of having a child who suffered from the same condition. Today PGD is still used for this reason, but is also used commonly when women are 35 or older and/or have a history of recurrent miscarriage. Only a handful of clinics offer the technique for sex selection for nonmedical reasons.

Effectiveness
Almost 100 percent effective.

How it's done
During an IVF cycle, eggs are fertilized with sperm in a petri dish. A single cell or cells are later removed from each of the resulting 3- to 5-day-old embryos and tested for gender.

In a regular IVF cycle scientists try to determine which embryos are normal merely by looking at them under a microscope. But with PGD, the embryos are tested thoroughly for genetic abnormalities and sex. By transferring only healthy embryos to the uterus, you're less likely to miscarry or have a child with a genetic disorder. Prenatal tests such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) are still recommended if you're 35 or older because more genetic abnormalities can be detected later in pregnancy.

In a regular IVF cycle, doctors usually transfer two or more embryos to your uterus — the number depends on your age, the quality of the embryos, and your reproductive history. (If you're 40 or older, typically four or five embryos may be transferred.) But in PGD, doctors transfer no more than two because they've already weeded out embryos that are unlikely to implant or to result in a healthy pregnancy.

Pros

• If you do get pregnant, PGD guarantees with almost 100 percent certainty that you'll have a baby of your desired gender.
• Following a PGD cycle, remaining embryos of the selected gender are automatically frozen. These can used in another attempt, if you miscarry or decide you want more children down the road. Frozen embryo transfers aren't as successful as fresh transfers, but the procedure is less invasive and significantly cheaper.

Cons

• A single round of PGD can cost nearly $20,000.
• The procedure is invasive and the removal of eggs from your ovaries can be painful.
• The fertility drugs you have to take can have uncomfortable side effects such as weight gain, bloating, swelling, and blurred vision.
• As with any IVF pregnancy, you're more likely to have multiple births. According to the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 38 percent of infants conceived as a result of IVF and related procedures were twins.
• About 43% of fresh IVF cycles result in a live birth, and that figure goes down as you get older. But some doctors claim higher success rates with PGD because defective embryos are excluded.
• You'll need to decide what to do with the embryos of the undesired gender: freeze, destroy, or donate for other couples or research.

Cost
IVF cycles cost an average of $12,400. PGD adds an additional $3,000 to $6,000-plus to the tab. Check with your medical insurance company — part of the expense may be covered.

Availability
Most fertility clinics that provide PGD don't allow it to be used solely for sex selection. You must have a medical reason such as a family history of genetic diseases or repeat miscarriages, or be over a certain age, usually about 38, to qualify for the procedure.

That said, a few centers allow you to use PGD to choose the sex of your baby even if you don't have a medical reason to do so:

• Genetics and IVF Institute, with facilities in Virginia and Maryland. (To qualify, couples must be married, have at least one child, and desire a child of the opposite gender.)
• The Sher Institutes for Reproductive Medicine, with seven branches nationwide. (Prospective patients are screened on a case-by-case basis, and couples with no children are not excluded from consideration.)
• Reproductive Specialty Center in Newport Beach, California (restricted to couples who have at least one child and desire a child of the opposite gender).

Ericsson
What it is
A technique that aims to separate faster-swimming boy-producing sperm from slower-swimming girl-producing sperm. Sperm of the desired gender are inserted directly into your uterus via artificial insemination (AI).

Effectiveness
Ericsson claims his technique is 78 to 85% effective when it comes to choosing boys and 73 to 75% effective for girl babies.

How it's done
This technique, which has been around since the '70s, attempts to separate boy and girl sperm by pouring a sperm sample on a gluey layer of fluid in a test tube. All the sperm naturally swim down, but the boys tend to swim faster and reach the bottom earlier. Once the fast and slow swimmers are separated, you're inseminated with the sperm that will enable you to conceive the gender you desire.

Pros

• Inexpensive compared to higher-tech methods.
• Noninvasive.
• Relatively safe.

Cons

• There's no guarantee of success. The technique's pioneer, Ronald Ericsson, has published extensively and claims a success rate of approximately 75 to 80 percent. But some fertility doctors dispute this figure and say that it's no higher than 50 percent.
• AI is not as effective as in vitro fertilization (IVF), and it may take many cycles to achieve a pregnancy, depending on your age and fertility.

Cost
Approximately $600 per insemination.

Shettles method
What it is
Timed intercourse on specific days of your cycle.

Effectiveness
Shettles proponents claim the technique is 75 percent effective, but other experts dispute this. Keep in mind that you always have about a 50 percent chance of conceiving the sex you want.

How it's done
The theory is that sperm bearing Y chromosomes (for boys) move faster but don't live as long as sperm that carry X chromosomes (for girls). So if you want a boy, the Shettles method argues, you should have sex as close as possible to ovulation. If you want a girl, you should have sex two to four days before you ovulate.

Pros

• Requires no drugs or invasive medical procedures.
• Free or low cost.
• Relatively safe.

Cons

• You must take your basal body temperature every day to figure out when you're ovulating, or use an ovulation prediction kit.
• There's no guarantee of success.

Availability
Anyone can try it.


Whelan method
Timed intercourse on specific days of your cycle.

Effectiveness
Whelan claims her technique is 68 percent effective for boys and 56 percent effective for girls, but many experts dispute this. Keep in mind that you always have a 50 percent chance of conceiving the sex you want.

How it's done
The Whelan method directly contradicts the Shettles method. The theory here is that biochemical changes that may favor boy-producing sperm occur earlier in a woman's cycle. So if you want a boy, you should have intercourse four to six days before your basal body temperature goes up. If you want a girl you should have sex two to three days before you ovulate.

Pros

• Requires no drugs or invasive medical procedures.
• Free or low cost.
• Safe.

Cons

• You must take your basal body temperature every day to figure out when you're ovulating, or use an ovulation prediction kit.
• There's no guarantee of success.

Availability
Anyone can try it at home.

Sex-selection kits
These at-home kits are based on the Shettles theory. Separate girl and boy kits include a thermometer, ovulation predictor test sticks, vitamins, herbal extracts, and douches that are supposedly gender specific.

Effectiveness
Kit makers claim a 96 percent success rate. But the American Society for Reproductive Medicine tells consumers not to bet on it. Some medical experts go a step further and say the kit maker's claims are without scientific merit.

How it's done
You track your cycle using the thermometer and ovulation predictor test sticks (which you urinate on). Following the Shettles method, you have intercourse two to four days before ovulation if you want a girl and as close as possible to ovulation if you want a boy. The douche is intended to change the vaginal environment to "influence the chances that either an X-carrying sperm or a Y-carrying sperm will be successful in fertilizing the egg." Vitamins and herbal extracts are also included to supposedly boost your odds of getting the gender of your choice.

Pros

• Requires no invasive medical procedures.
• Convenient.

Cons

• The success rate claimed by the makers is questionable.
• Expensive

Low-tech sex selection has not sparked the same controversy, probably because these methods are far from foolproof and the assumption is that couples practicing them are investing less — both financially and emotionally — in their success. But do they work?

These techniques range from Shettles and Whelan to folk wisdom such as making love standing up and eating more meat if you want a boy, and eating lots of chocolate and having sex in the missionary position if you want a girl.

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Postpartum Depression (Baby Blues)

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Postpartum depression is a form of depression that occurs in some women within the first 6 weeks after childbirth. Depression is a medical condition that leads to intense feelings of sadness or despair. These feelings don't go away on their own.


What is going on in the body?

Depression is a disorder of the brain. Researchers believe that chemicals called neurotransmitters are involved in depression. Nerve impulses cause the release of neurotransmitters from one nerve cell, or neuron, to the next. This release allows cells to communicate with one another. Too little or too much of these important neurotransmitters may be released and cause or contribute to depression. Some of the neurotransmitters believed to be linked to depression are serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Pregnancy and childbirth are accompanied by hormonal changes that can affect emotions. The round-the-clock job of caring for a new baby can seem overwhelming at times. Too little rest usually accompanies these physical and emotional stresses.

What are the causes and risks of the condition?

There are many theories about what causes depression. Depression may be caused by any of the following:
• certain illnesses
• certain medications, including antibiotics and medicines used to treat acne
• changes in brain chemicals
• heredity
• hormonal changes
• lack of sunlight
• major stresses
• negative thinking patterns

Risk factors for depression in general include:
• alcohol abuse
• drug abuse and addiction
• job strain
• personal history of a suicide attempt
• personal or family history of depression
• stress

The hormonal changes of pregnancy and childbirth contribute to a woman's risk for postpartum depression. Caring for a newborn can be overwhelming. Physical exhaustion, lack of sleep, unrealistic role expectations, and social isolation can all play a role in postpartum depression.

The following increase the risk for developing postpartum depression:
• early hospital discharge after childbirth
• history of severe premenstrual syndrome
• lack of support system
• marital problems
• previous history of depression
• traumatic birth experience

What are the signs and symptoms of the condition?
In general, symptoms of depression include:
• appetite problems
• decreased energy
• difficulty paying attention or making decisions
• feeling very sensitive emotionally
• feelings of irritability
• feelings of sadness, despair, and emptiness
• inability to feel pleasure
• loss of motivation and withdrawal from others
• low self-esteem
• pessimism and negativity
• sleeping problems
• thoughts about suicide and death

A woman with postpartum depression may also experience the following symptoms:
• excessive concern over the baby
• excessive, severe mood swings
• fear of harming the baby
• feelings of guilt
• frequent headaches and other physical discomforts
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